Resumo: Apesar de uma melhora substancial no prognóstico e na qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) no Brasil, permanecem desigualdades no acesso ao tratamento. Avaliamos o impacto dessas desigualdades na sobrevida na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo de 12 anos (2000/11). Os dados foram consolidados a partir de quatro bases que constituem o sistema nacional de monitoramento da aids: SINAN-aids (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação; casos de aids), SISCEL (exames laboratoriais), SICLOM (controle logístico de medicamentos) e SIM (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade), usando relacionamento probabilístico. As regressões de Cox foram ajustadas para avaliar o impacto da HAART (terapia antirretroviral altivamente ativa) na mortalidade relacionada à aids entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI) e heterossexuais diagnosticados com aids entre 2000 e 2011 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Dos 15.420 casos, 60,7% eram heterossexuais, 36,1% HSH e 3,2% UDI. Houve 2.807 óbitos (18,2%) e a sobrevida mediana foi 6,29 anos. Houve associação significativa entre HAART e contagem de CD4+ > 200 na linha de base e importantes efeitos protetores. Comparados aos brancos, os não-brancos tiveram um risco 33% maior de morrer de aids. Os UDI tiveram um risco 56% maior, enquanto HSH tiveram um risco 11% menor de morrer de aids, comparados aos heterossexuais. Os indivíduos não-brancos, aqueles com menos de oito anos de escolaridade e UDI mostraram probabilidade mais alta de não receber HAART e de morrer de aids. No Rio de Janeiro, persistem desigualdades importantes no acesso ao tratamento, que resultam em impactos diferenciados na mortalidade de acordo com as categorias de exposição. Apesar da persistência dessas disparidades, a mortalidade diminuiu significativamente ao longo do período em todas as categorias analisadas, e o acesso à HAART teve impacto dramático no tempo de sobrevida.

Abstract: Despite substantial improvement in prognosis and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Brazil, inequalities in access to treatment remain. We assessed the impact of these inequalities on survival in Rio de Janeiro over a 12-year period (2000/11). Data were merged from four databases that comprise the national AIDS monitoring system: SINAN-AIDS (Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases; AIDS cases), SISCEL (laboratory tests), SICLOM (electronic dispensing system), and SIM (Brazilian Mortality Information System), using probabilistic linkage. Cox regressions were fitted to assess the impact of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) on AIDS-related mortality among men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), and heterosexuals diagnosed with AIDS, between 2000 and 2011, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Among 15,420 cases, 60.7% were heterosexuals, 36.1% MSM and 3.2% PWID. There were 2,807 (18.2%) deaths and the median survival time was 6.29. HAART and CD4+ > 200 at baseline were associated with important protective effects. Non-whites had a 33% higher risk of dying in consequence of AIDS than whites. PWID had a 56% higher risk and MSM a 11% lower risk of dying of AIDS than heterosexuals. Non-white individuals, those with less than eight years of formal education, and PWID, were more likely to die of AIDS and less likely to receive HAART. Important inequalities persist in access to treatment, resulting in disparate impacts on mortality among exposure categories. Despite these persistent disparities, mortality decreased significantly during the period for all categories under analysis, and the overall positive impact of HAART on survival has been dramatic.

Resumen: Pese a la mejora sustancial en el pronóstico y calidad de vida entre las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PLWHA) en Brasil, persisten las desigualdades en el acceso al tratamiento. Evaluamos el impacto de estas desigualdades en la supervivencia en Río de Janeiro, durante un período de 12 años (2000/11). Los datos fueron recabados de cuatros bases de datos que comprenden el sistema nacional de monitoreo del SIDA: SINAN-SIDA (Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación; casos de SIDA), SISCEL (pruebas de laboratorio), SICLOM (sistema dispensador electrónico), y SIM (Sistema de Información sobre la Mortalidad), usando una vinculación probabilística. Las regresiones de Cox fueron usadas para evaluar el impacto de la TARGA (terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad) en la mortalidad relacionada con el SIDA, entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), individuos que se inyectan drogas por vía intravenosa (PWID por sus siglas en inglés), y heterosexuales diagnosticados con SIDA, entre 2000 y 2011, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Entre 15.420 casos, un 60,7% eran heterosexuales, un 36,1% HSH y un 3,2% PWID. Hubo 2.807 (18.2%) muertes y el tiempo medio de supervivencia fue 6,29. TARGA y CD4+ > 200 en la base de referencia estuvieron asociados con efectos importantes de protección. Los no-blancos tuvieron un riesgo un 33% mayor de morir a consecuencia de SIDA que los blancos. Los PWID tuvieron un riesgo un 56% mayor, y los HSH un riesgo un 11% menor, de morir de SIDA que los heterosexuales. Los no-blancos, con menos de ocho años de educación formal, y los PWID, eran más propensos a morir de SIDA y menos a recibir TARGA. Existen importantes inequidades en el acceso al tratamiento, resultando en efectos dispares en la mortalidad entre las diferentes categorías exposición. A pesar de estas persistentes disparidades, la mortalidad decreció significativamente durante el periodo para todas las categorías bajo análisis, y el impacto general positivo del TARGA en la supervivencia había sido importantísimo.

Resumo: Apesar de uma melhora substancial no prognóstico e na qualidade de vida de pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) no Brasil, permanecem desigualdades no acesso ao tratamento. Avaliamos o impacto dessas desigualdades na sobrevida na cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo de 12 anos (2000/11). Os dados foram consolidados a partir de quatro bases que constituem o sistema nacional de monitoramento da aids: SINAN-aids (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação; casos de aids), SISCEL (exames laboratoriais), SICLOM (controle logístico de medicamentos) e SIM (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade), usando relacionamento probabilístico. As regressões de Cox foram ajustadas para avaliar o impacto da HAART (terapia antirretroviral altivamente ativa) na mortalidade relacionada à aids entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI) e heterossexuais diagnosticados com aids entre 2000 e 2011 na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Dos 15.420 casos, 60,7% eram heterossexuais, 36,1% HSH e 3,2% UDI. Houve 2.807 óbitos (18,2%) e a sobrevida mediana foi 6,29 anos. Houve associação significativa entre HAART e contagem de CD4+ > 200 na linha de base e importantes efeitos protetores. Comparados aos brancos, os não-brancos tiveram um risco 33% maior de morrer de aids. Os UDI tiveram um risco 56% maior, enquanto HSH tiveram um risco 11% menor de morrer de aids, comparados aos heterossexuais. Os indivíduos não-brancos, aqueles com menos de oito anos de escolaridade e UDI mostraram probabilidade mais alta de não receber HAART e de morrer de aids. No Rio de Janeiro, persistem desigualdades importantes no acesso ao tratamento, que resultam em impactos diferenciados na mortalidade de acordo com as categorias de exposição. Apesar da persistência dessas disparidades, a mortalidade diminuiu significativamente ao longo do período em todas as categorias analisadas, e o acesso à HAART teve impacto dramático no tempo de sobrevida.

Abstract: Despite substantial improvement in prognosis and quality of life among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Brazil, inequalities in access to treatment remain. We assessed the impact of these inequalities on survival in Rio de Janeiro over a 12-year period (2000/11). Data were merged from four databases that comprise the national AIDS monitoring system: SINAN-AIDS (Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases; AIDS cases), SISCEL (laboratory tests), SICLOM (electronic dispensing system), and SIM (Brazilian Mortality Information System), using probabilistic linkage. Cox regressions were fitted to assess the impact of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) on AIDS-related mortality among men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), and heterosexuals diagnosed with AIDS, between 2000 and 2011, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Among 15,420 cases, 60.7% were heterosexuals, 36.1% MSM and 3.2% PWID. There were 2,807 (18.2%) deaths and the median survival time was 6.29. HAART and CD4+ > 200 at baseline were associated with important protective effects. Non-whites had a 33% higher risk of dying in consequence of AIDS than whites. PWID had a 56% higher risk and MSM a 11% lower risk of dying of AIDS than heterosexuals. Non-white individuals, those with less than eight years of formal education, and PWID, were more likely to die of AIDS and less likely to receive HAART. Important inequalities persist in access to treatment, resulting in disparate impacts on mortality among exposure categories. Despite these persistent disparities, mortality decreased significantly during the period for all categories under analysis, and the overall positive impact of HAART on survival has been dramatic.

Resumen: Pese a la mejora sustancial en el pronóstico y calidad de vida entre las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PLWHA) en Brasil, persisten las desigualdades en el acceso al tratamiento. Evaluamos el impacto de estas desigualdades en la supervivencia en Río de Janeiro, durante un período de 12 años (2000/11). Los datos fueron recabados de cuatros bases de datos que comprenden el sistema nacional de monitoreo del SIDA: SINAN-SIDA (Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación; casos de SIDA), SISCEL (pruebas de laboratorio), SICLOM (sistema dispensador electrónico), y SIM (Sistema de Información sobre la Mortalidad), usando una vinculación probabilística. Las regresiones de Cox fueron usadas para evaluar el impacto de la TARGA (terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad) en la mortalidad relacionada con el SIDA, entre hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), individuos que se inyectan drogas por vía intravenosa (PWID por sus siglas en inglés), y heterosexuales diagnosticados con SIDA, entre 2000 y 2011, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Entre 15.420 casos, un 60,7% eran heterosexuales, un 36,1% HSH y un 3,2% PWID. Hubo 2.807 (18.2%) muertes y el tiempo medio de supervivencia fue 6,29. TARGA y CD4+ > 200 en la base de referencia estuvieron asociados con efectos importantes de protección. Los no-blancos tuvieron un riesgo un 33% mayor de morir a consecuencia de SIDA que los blancos. Los PWID tuvieron un riesgo un 56% mayor, y los HSH un riesgo un 11% menor, de morir de SIDA que los heterosexuales. Los no-blancos, con menos de ocho años de educación formal, y los PWID, eran más propensos a morir de SIDA y menos a recibir TARGA. Existen importantes inequidades en el acceso al tratamiento, resultando en efectos dispares en la mortalidad entre las diferentes categorías exposición. A pesar de estas persistentes disparidades, la mortalidad decreció significativamente durante el periodo para todas las categorías bajo análisis, y el impacto general positivo del TARGA en la supervivencia había sido importantísimo.

Resumo OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) em pacientes com aids e identificar os fatores associados à ocorrência da neoplasia. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com dados de notificação em dois centros de referência em aids de São Paulo-SP, Brasil, de janeiro/2003 a março/2010; empregaram-se métodos de linkage probabilístico e regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: entre 3.557 casos de aids, 213 (6%) apresentavam SK, 95,3% deles do sexo masculino; associaram-se à ocorrência de SK sexo masculino (OR=3,1; IC95%=1,4;6,6), idade no momento do diagnóstico de aids >28 anos (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,0; 2,6), homens que fazem sexo com homens (OR=3,2; IC95%=2,0;4,9), uso prévio de terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade (HAART) (OR=0,4; IC95%=0,3;0,5), período de diagnóstico de aids de 2007-2010 (OR=0,3; IC95%=0,2;0,4) e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ <200cel/mm³ (OR=16,0; IC95%=6,0;42,7) e 200-500cel/mm³ (OR=2,5; IC95%=1,1;6,4). CONCLUSÃO: o SK tem alta prevalência em São Paulo-SP; estratégias para o diagnóstico precoce do HIV podem resultar em diminuição desta prevalência.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) in patients with AIDS and identify the associated factors to the occurrence of this neoplasm. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional study with notification data from two AIDS reference centers in São Paulo-SP, Brazil, from January, 2003 to March, 2010; probabilistic linkage and multiple logistic regression methods were applied. RESULTS: among 3,557 AIDS cases, 213 (6%) presented KS; 95.3% of them occurred in males; male sex (OR=3.1; 95%CI=1.4;6.6), age at the AIDS diagnosis >28 years old (OR=1.6; 95%CI=1.0;2.6), MSM (OR=3.2; 95%CI=2.0;4.9), prior use of HAART (OR=0.4; 95%CI=0.3;0.5), AIDS diagnosis between 2007-2010 (OR=0.3; 95%CI=0.2;0.4), and CD4+ T-cell counting under 200cells/mm3 (OR=16.0; 95%CI=6.0;42.7) and 200-500cells/mm³ (OR=2,5; 95%CI=1.1;6.4) were associated to the occurrence of KS. CONCLUSION: KS has a high prevalence in São Paulo-SP; strategies for early HIV diagnosis may reduce this prevalence.

Resumen OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia del sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) en pacientes con SIDA e identificar los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal para identificar la asociación entre el SK y SIDA en São Paulo-SP, Brasil; los datos se obtuvieron entre enero de 2003 y marzo de 2010 y se analizaron con el método de linkage probabilística y regresión logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: en 3.557 casos de SIDA, la prevalencia de SK fue 6%; entre los 213 casos de SK, el 95,3% eran varones; estuvieron asociados con SK el sexo masculino (OR=3,1; IC95%=1,4;6,6), la edad >28 años (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,01;2,5 2,6), HSH (OR=3,2; IC95%= 2,0;4,9), el uso previo de HAART (OR=0,4; IC95%=0,3;0,5), diagnóstico de SIDA en 2007-2010 (OR=0,3 IC95%=0,2;0,4) y células T CD4+ <200cel/mm3 (OR=16,0; IC95%=6,0;42,7) y 200-500cel/mm³ (OR=2,5 IC95%=1,1;6,4). CONCLUSIÓN: el SK tiene una alta prevalencia en São Paulo-SP; las estrategias para el diagnóstico precoz del VIH pueden reducirlo.

Resumo OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência de sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) em pacientes com aids e identificar os fatores associados à ocorrência da neoplasia. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com dados de notificação em dois centros de referência em aids de São Paulo-SP, Brasil, de janeiro/2003 a março/2010; empregaram-se métodos de linkage probabilístico e regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: entre 3.557 casos de aids, 213 (6%) apresentavam SK, 95,3% deles do sexo masculino; associaram-se à ocorrência de SK sexo masculino (OR=3,1; IC95%=1,4;6,6), idade no momento do diagnóstico de aids >28 anos (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,0; 2,6), homens que fazem sexo com homens (OR=3,2; IC95%=2,0;4,9), uso prévio de terapia antirretroviral de alta atividade (HAART) (OR=0,4; IC95%=0,3;0,5), período de diagnóstico de aids de 2007-2010 (OR=0,3; IC95%=0,2;0,4) e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ <200cel/mm³ (OR=16,0; IC95%=6,0;42,7) e 200-500cel/mm³ (OR=2,5; IC95%=1,1;6,4). CONCLUSÃO: o SK tem alta prevalência em São Paulo-SP; estratégias para o diagnóstico precoce do HIV podem resultar em diminuição desta prevalência.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) in patients with AIDS and identify the associated factors to the occurrence of this neoplasm. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional study with notification data from two AIDS reference centers in São Paulo-SP, Brazil, from January, 2003 to March, 2010; probabilistic linkage and multiple logistic regression methods were applied. RESULTS: among 3,557 AIDS cases, 213 (6%) presented KS; 95.3% of them occurred in males; male sex (OR=3.1; 95%CI=1.4;6.6), age at the AIDS diagnosis >28 years old (OR=1.6; 95%CI=1.0;2.6), MSM (OR=3.2; 95%CI=2.0;4.9), prior use of HAART (OR=0.4; 95%CI=0.3;0.5), AIDS diagnosis between 2007-2010 (OR=0.3; 95%CI=0.2;0.4), and CD4+ T-cell counting under 200cells/mm3 (OR=16.0; 95%CI=6.0;42.7) and 200-500cells/mm³ (OR=2,5; 95%CI=1.1;6.4) were associated to the occurrence of KS. CONCLUSION: KS has a high prevalence in São Paulo-SP; strategies for early HIV diagnosis may reduce this prevalence.

Resumen OBJETIVO: estimar la prevalencia del sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) en pacientes con SIDA e identificar los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: estudio transversal para identificar la asociación entre el SK y SIDA en São Paulo-SP, Brasil; los datos se obtuvieron entre enero de 2003 y marzo de 2010 y se analizaron con el método de linkage probabilística y regresión logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: en 3.557 casos de SIDA, la prevalencia de SK fue 6%; entre los 213 casos de SK, el 95,3% eran varones; estuvieron asociados con SK el sexo masculino (OR=3,1; IC95%=1,4;6,6), la edad >28 años (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,01;2,5 2,6), HSH (OR=3,2; IC95%= 2,0;4,9), el uso previo de HAART (OR=0,4; IC95%=0,3;0,5), diagnóstico de SIDA en 2007-2010 (OR=0,3 IC95%=0,2;0,4) y células T CD4+ <200cel/mm3 (OR=16,0; IC95%=6,0;42,7) y 200-500cel/mm³ (OR=2,5 IC95%=1,1;6,4). CONCLUSIÓN: el SK tiene una alta prevalencia en São Paulo-SP; las estrategias para el diagnóstico precoz del VIH pueden reducirlo.

Abstract Background: TB patients co-infected with HIV have worse treatment outcomes than non-coinfected patients. How clinical characteristics of TB and socioeconomic characteristics influence these outcomes is poorly understood. Here, we use polytomous regression analysis to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes among TB-HIV co-infected patients in Brazil. Methods: TB-HIV cases reported in the Brazilian information system (SINAN) between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2011 were identified and categorized by TB treatment outcome (cure, default, death, and development of MDR TB). We modeled treatment outcome as a function of clinical characteristics of TB and patient socioeconomic characteristics by polytomous regression analysis. For each treatment outcome, we used cure as the reference outcome. Results: Between 2001 and 2011, 990,017 cases of TB were reported in SINAN, of which 93,147 (9.4%) were HIV co-infected. Patients aged 15–19 (OR = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.09–3.91) and 20–39 years old (OR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.81–2.92) were more likely to default on TB treatment than those aged 0–14 years old. In contrast, patients aged ≥60 years were more likely to die from TB (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.43–3.44) or other causes (OR = 2.86; 95% CI: 2.14–3.83). Black patients were more likely to default on TB treatment (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.22–1.44) and die from TB (OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.29–1.74). Finally, alcoholism was associated with all unfavorable outcomes: default (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.73–2.17), death due to TB (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.25–1.71), death due to other causes (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.21–1.57) and MDR-TB (OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.46–3.58). Conclusions: Socio-economic vulnerability has a significant effect on treatment outcomes among TB-HIV co-infected patients in Brazil. Enhancing social support, incorporation of alcohol abuse screening and counseling into current TB surveillance programs and targeting interventions to specific age groups are interventions that could improve treatment outcomes.

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RésuméObjectif Évaluer l'effet du tabagisme sur les résultats des traitements antituberculeux à Tbilissi, en Géorgie.Méthodes Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte prospective chez des adultes atteints de tuberculose confirmée en laboratoire, de mai 2011 à novembre 2013. Les antécédents de tabagisme ont été recueillis à l'aide d'un questionnaire standardisé, adapté de l'enquête mondiale sur le tabagisme des adultes. Nous avons considéré que les résultats du traitement antituberculeux étaient mauvais si les participants ne l'avaient pas respecté, n'avaient pas répondu au traitement ou étaient décédés. Nous avons utilisé des régressions multivariées pour estimer le risque de mauvais résultats thérapeutiques.Résultats Sur les 591 patients atteints de tuberculose, 188 (31,8%) étaient d'anciens fumeurs et 271 (45,9%) fumaient encore. Quatre-vingt-dix (33,2%) fumeurs actuels et 24 (18,2%) participants n'ayant jamais fumé avaient précédemment pris un traitement contre la tuberculose (P < 0,01). Les données sur les résultats des traitements étaient disponibles pour 524 des participants, sur lesquels 128 (24,4%) - dont 80 (32,9%) des 243 fumeurs actuels et 21 (17,2%) des 122 personnes n'ayant jamais fumé - montraient de mauvais résultats thérapeutiques. Comparés aux personnes n'ayant jamais fumé, les fumeurs actuels présentaient un risque accru de mauvais résultats thérapeutiques (risque relatif ajusté, RRa : 1,70 ; intervalle de confiance de 95%, IC : 1,00-2,90). Les personnes qui avaient arrêté de fumer plus de deux mois avant leur inclusion à l'étude ne présentaient pas une telle augmentation du risque (RRa : 1,01 ; IC de 95% : 0,51-1,99).Conclusion Il existe une forte prévalence de tabagisme chez les patients atteints de tuberculose en Géorgie et le tabagisme augmente le risque de mauvais résultats thérapeutiques.

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AbstractObjective To assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment in Tbilisi, Georgia.Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of adults with laboratory-confirmed tuberculosis from May 2011 to November 2013. History of tobacco smoking was collected using a standardized questionnaire adapted from the global adult tobacco survey. We considered tuberculosis therapy to have a poor outcome if participants defaulted, failed treatment or died. We used multivariable regressions to estimate the risk of a poor treatment outcome.Findings Of the 591 tuberculosis patients enrolled, 188 (31.8%) were past smokers and 271 (45.9%) were current smokers. Ninety (33.2%) of the current smokers and 24 (18.2%) of the participants who had never smoked had previously been treated for tuberculosis (P< 0.01). Treatment outcome data were available for 524 of the participants, of whom 128 (24.4%) - including 80 (32.9%) of the 243 current smokers and 21 (17.2%) of the 122 individuals who had never smoked - had a poor treatment outcome. Compared with those who had never smoked, current smokers had an increased risk of poor treatment outcome (adjusted relative risk, aRR: 1.70; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.00-2.90). Those who had ceased smoking more than two months before enrolment did not have such an increased risk (aRR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.51-1.99).Conclusion There is a high prevalence of smoking among patients with tuberculosis in Georgia and smoking increases the risk of a poor treatment outcome.

ملخصالغرض لتقييم التأثير الناتج عن تدخين التبغ على حصيلة علاج مرض السل في تبلّيسي، جورجيا.الطريقة لقد أجرينا دراسة أترابية استباقية على البالغين الذين يعانون من مرض السل المؤكد مختبريًا في الفترة ما بين أيار/مايو 2011 إلى تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2013. وقد تم تجميع تاريخ تدخين التبغ باستخدام استبيان معياري معتمد من المسح العالمي لاستهلاك التبغ لدى البالغين. لقد وجدنا أن علاج السل ينتج عنه حصيلة سيئة إذا تخلف المشاركون عن المعالجة، أو فشل علاجهم، أو توفوا. لقد استخدمنا تحوفات متعددة المتغيرات لتقدير الاختطار الناتج عن حصيلة العلاج السيئة.النتائج من بين 591 من مرضى السل المسجلين، كان 188 (31.8٪) من المرضى مدخنين سابقين وكان 271 (45.9٪) من المرضى مدخنين حاليين. لقد سبق لتسعين (33.2٪) من المدخنين الحاليين، و 24 (18.2٪) من المشاركين الذين لم يدخنوا أبدًا، العلاج من مرض السل (الاحتمال < 0.01). وتوفرت بيانات حصيلة العلاج لعدد 524 من المشاركين، من بينهم 128 (24.4٪) كانت حصيلة العلاج الخاصة بهم سيئة، بما في ذلك 80 (32.9٪) من 243 من المدخنين الحاليين و21 (17.2٪) من 122 من الأفراد الذين لم يدخنوا أبدًا. مقارنة مع أولئك الذين لم يدخنوا أبدًا، كان هناك اختطار زائد على المدخنين الحاليين لحدوث حصيلة علاج سيئة (الاختطار النسبي المصحح، aRR: 1.70؛ بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 95%: 1.00 إلى 2.90).أولئك الذين قد أقلعوا عن التدخين لمدة أكثر من شهرين قبل التسجيل، لم يكن لديهم مثل ذلك الاختطار الزائد (:aRR 1.01؛ بنسبة أرجحية مقدارها 95%: 0.50 إلى 1.99).الاستنتاج هناك انتشار مرتفع للتدخين بين المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض السل في جورجيا، ويزيد التدخين من اختطار حصيلة العلاج السيئة.

ResumenObjetivo Evaluar los efectos del consumo de tabaco en los resultados del tratamiento de la tuberculosis en Tbilisi, Georgia.Métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes prospectivo en adultos con tuberculosis confirmada mediante pruebas de laboratorio de mayo de 2011 a noviembre de 2013. Se recopiló información sobre el consumo de tabaco mediante un cuestionario normalizado adaptado a partir de la Encuesta Mundial sobre el Tabaco y los Adultos. Se consideró que los resultados de la terapia antituberculosa eran deficientes si los participantes incumplían el tratamiento, no lo realizaban o morían. Se utilizaron regresiones multivariables para estimar el riesgo de obtener unos resultados deficientes del tratamiento.Resultados De los 591 pacientes con tuberculosis inscritos, 188 (31,8%) eran antiguos fumadores y 271 (45,9%) eran fumadores actuales. Noventa (33,2%) de los fumadores actuales y 24 (18,2%) de los participantes que no habían fumado nunca habían recibido tratamiento para la tuberculosis anteriormente (P < 0,01). Los datos sobre los resultados del tratamiento estuvieron disponibles para 524 de los participantes, de los cuales 128 (24,4%) (incluyendo los 80 (32,9%) de los 243 fumadores y 21 (17,2%) de las 122 personas que nunca habían fumado) obtuvieron unos resultados deficientes del tratamiento. En comparación con las personas que no habían fumado nunca, los fumadores actuales tenían un riesgo superior de obtener unos resultados deficientes del tratamiento (riesgo relativo ajustado, RRa: 1,70; intervalo de confianza, IC, del 95%: 1,00-2,90). Aquellas personas que habían dejado de fumar más de dos meses antes de la inscripción no experimentaban un aumento del riesgo tan elevado (RRa: 1,01 (IC del 95%: 0,51-1,99).Conclusión Existe una elevada prevalencia de consumo de tabaco entre los pacientes con tuberculosis en Georgia y el consumo de tabaco aumenta el riesgo de obtener unos resultados deficientes del tratamiento.

Background:The timing of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) after a tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected patients can affect clinical outcomes and survival. We compared survival after tuberculosis diagnosis in HIV-infected adults who initiated HAART and tuberculosis therapy simultaneously to those who delayed the start of HAART for at least two months.Methods:The THRio cohort includes 17,983 patients receiving HIV care in 29 public clinics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. HAART-naïve patients at the time of a new TB diagnosis between September 2003 and June 2008 were included. Survival was measured in days from diagnosis of TB. We compared survival among patients who initiated HAART within 60 days of TB treatment (simultaneous – ST) to those who started HAART >60 days of TB treatment or never started (deferred – DT). Kaplan–Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted.Results:Of 947 patients diagnosed with TB, 572 (60%) were HAART naïve at the time of TB diagnosis; 135 were excluded because of missing CD4 count results. Among the remaining 437 TB patients, 56 (13%) died during follow-up: 25 (10%) among ST patients and 31 (16%) in DT group (p = 0.08). ST patients had lower median CD4 counts at TB diagnosis than DT patients (106 vs. 278, p < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards utilizing propensity score analysis showed that DT patients were more likely to die (adjusted HR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.05–3.40; p = 0.03).Conclusion:HAART administered simultaneously with TB therapy was associated with improved survival after TB diagnosis. HAART should be given to patients with HIV-related TB as soon as clinically feasible.

Although several studies have evaluated the role of p16INK4a as a diagnostic marker of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its association with disease progression, studies regarding the role of p16INK4a in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients remain scarce. The present study was designed to determine the potential utility of p16INK4a as a diagnostic marker for CIN and invasive cervical cancer in HIV-positive and negative cervical specimens. An immunohistochemical analysis of p16INK4a was performed in 326 cervical tissue microarray specimens. Performance indicators were calculated and compared using receiving operating characteristics curve (ROC)/area under the curve. In HIV-1-negative women, the percentage of cells that was positive for p16INK4a expression was significantly correlated with the severity of CIN (p < 0.0001). A ROC curve with a cut-off value of 55.28% resulted in a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 81%, a positive predictive value of 91% and a negative predictive value of 78%. HIV-seropositive women exhibited decreased expression of p16INK4a in CIN2-3 specimens compared with HIV-negative specimens (p = 0.031). The ROC data underscore the potential utility of p16INK4a under defined conditions as a diagnostic marker for CIN 2-3 staging and invasive cervical cancer. HIV-1 infection, however, is associated with relatively reduced p16INK4a expression in CIN 2-3.

FUNDAMENTOS: Estudos sobre comportamentos sexuais de risco fornecem informações para programar estratégias para o controle da expansão da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os comportamentos de risco sexual entre mulheres atendidas em clínica de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis em Vitória, Brazil. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte-transversal foi realizado com mulheres atendidas no Centro de Referência para DST/Aids. As pacientes selecionadas foram entrevistadas e autorizaram a coleta de uma amostra de sangue para determinar sorologia para HIV. RESULTADOS: Um total de 276 mulheres participou, entre as 284 selecionadas; 109 (39,5%) eram HIV-positivas e 167 (60,5%) HIV-negativas. A mediana de idade foi 31 anos (distância interquartil 24-36) e 69% das mulheres tinham entre 18 e 34 anos de idade. As mulheres relataram alto grau de acesso a informações sobre doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (87%) e Aids (90%), mas as informações sobre saúde sexual foram menos comuns (55%). Mulheres HIV-positivas pediram a seus parceiros para usar preservativos mais comumente do que as HIV-negativas (31% vs. 5%, p=0,02), e relataram com maior frequência o uso do preservativo na ultima relação sexual (65% vs. 33%, p<0,01). Entre todas as pacientes, questões sobre o risco da transmissão de HIV através da relação sexual (99,6%) e compartilhar agulhas durante uso de drogas (99,2%) foram mais frequentemente respondidas de forma correta, enquanto que questões relacionadas ao risco de HIV através da doação de sangue (57%) foi menor. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar desta população relatar fácil acesso aos serviços e informações sobre doenças sexualmente transmissíveis/Aids, a maioria relatou entendimento inadequado sobre comportamentos sexuais inseguros, particularmente as mulheres HIV-negativas.

BACKGROUND: Studies about sexual risk behaviors can provide information to support design strategies to control the spread of HIV infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess sexual risk behaviors among women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Vitória, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among women attending an STD/AIDS reference center. Enrolled participants were interviewed and provided a blood sample to determine HIV status. RESULTS: A total of 276 women participated. among 284 selected; 109 (39.5%) were HIV-positive and 167 (60.5%) HIV-negative. Median age was 31 years (interquartile range (IQR)24-36) and 69% of women were between 18 and 34 years of age. Women reported high access to information about STD (87%) and AIDS (90%) but information about sexuality was less common (55%). HIV-positive women asked their partners to use condoms more often than HIV-negatives (31% vs. 5%, p=0.02), and were more likely to have used a condom at last intercourse (65% vs. 33%, p<0.01). Among all patients, questions regarding risk of HIV transmission through sexual intercourse (99.6%) and needle sharing (99.2%) were most frequently answered correctly, while questions regarding risk of HIV transmission through blood donation (57%) were least. CONCLUSION: Though this population reports easy access to information and services for HIV/sexually transmitted diseases, most report little understanding of unsafe sexual behaviors, particularly HIV-negative women.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection among HIV-infected patients in Brazil. Brazil's national policy for HIV care recommends screening for latent tuberculosis (TB) and implementing isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). OBJECTIVES: We compared physician adherence to TB screening and other prevention and care policies among HIV primary care clinics in Rio de Janeiro City. METHODS: Data on performance of CD4 counts, viral load testing, tuberculin skin testing (TST) and IPT were abstracted from patient charts at 29 HIV clinics in Rio de Janeiro as part of the TB/HIV in Rio (THRio) study. Data on use of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis were also abstracted from a convenience sample of 150 patient charts at 10 HIV clinics. Comparisons were made between rates of adherence to TB guidelines and other HIV care guidelines. RESULTS: Among the subset of 150 patients with confirmed HIV infection in 2003, 96% had at least one reported CD4 counts result; 93% had at least one viral load result reported; and, PCP prophylaxis was prescribed for 97% of patients with CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm³ or when clinically indicated. In contrast, 67 patients (45%) had a TST performed (all eligible); and only 11% (17) of eligible patients started IPT. Among 12,027 THRio cohort participants between 2003 and 2005, the mean number of CD4 counts and viral load counts was 2.5 and 1.9, respectively, per patient per year. In contrast, 49% of 8,703 eligible patients in THRio had a TST ever performed and only 53% of eligible patients started IPT. CONCLUSION: Physicians are substantially more compliant with HIV monitoring and PCP prophylaxis than with TB prophylaxis guidelines. Efforts to improve TB control in HIV patients are badly needed.

Comparar os custos e os resultados associados ao tratamento de tuberculose (TB) supervisionado por domiciliares quanto ao realizado pelos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS). Participaram do estudo todos os casos de TB pulmonar com cultura positiva tratada na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Os pacientes escolheram a estratégia de tratamento preferencial. Os custos incorridos pelos prestadores e os doentes foram estimados, e relação custo-efetividade foi avaliada comparando os custos por doente tratado com sucesso. Um total de 130 pacientes foi incluído no estudo, 84 escolheram ACS e 46 escolheram tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares. 45 de 46 (98%) dos doentes tratados com supervisionamento por domiciliares foram curados ou tratamento completado em comparação com 70/84 (83%) dos pacientes ACS (p = 0,01). Regressão logística mostrou o tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares significativamente protetor em relação ao abandono do tratamento da TB ao realizado pelo ACS. Custo por paciente tratado com o tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares foi de US$ 398, em comparação com US$ 548 para ACS. Tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares é uma opção mais custo-efetividade do que a supervisão pelo ACS.

The objective of this study was to compare the costs and outcomes associated with guardian-supervised directly observed treatment relative to the standard of care Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course (DOTS) provided by community health workers (CHW). New cases of culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treated in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, between January 2005 and December 2006 were interviewed and chose their preferred treatment strategy. Costs incurred by providers and patients (and patients' families) were estimated, and cost-effectiveness was assessed by comparing costs per successfully treated patient. 130 patients were included in the study; 84 chose CHW-supervised DOTS and 46 chose guardian-supervised DOTS. 45 of 46 (98%) patients treated with guardian-supervised DOTS were cured or completed treatment compared to 70/84 (83%) of the CHW-supervised patients (p = 0.01). Logistic regression showed only the strategy of supervision to be a significant association with treatment outcome, with guardian-supervised care strongly protective. Cost per patient treated with guardian-supervised DOTS was US$398, compared to US$548 for CHW-supervised DOTS. The guardian-supervised DOTS is an attractive option to complement CHW-supervised DOTS.

Comparar os custos e os resultados associados ao tratamento de tuberculose (TB) supervisionado por domiciliares quanto ao realizado pelos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS). Participaram do estudo todos os casos de TB pulmonar com cultura positiva tratada na cidade de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2006. Os pacientes escolheram a estratégia de tratamento preferencial. Os custos incorridos pelos prestadores e os doentes foram estimados, e relação custo-efetividade foi avaliada comparando os custos por doente tratado com sucesso. Um total de 130 pacientes foi incluído no estudo, 84 escolheram ACS e 46 escolheram tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares. 45 de 46 (98%) dos doentes tratados com supervisionamento por domiciliares foram curados ou tratamento completado em comparação com 70/84 (83%) dos pacientes ACS (p = 0,01). Regressão logística mostrou o tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares significativamente protetor em relação ao abandono do tratamento da TB ao realizado pelo ACS. Custo por paciente tratado com o tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares foi de US$ 398, em comparação com US$ 548 para ACS. Tratamento supervisionado por domiciliares é uma opção mais custo-efetividade do que a supervisão pelo ACS.

The objective of this study was to compare the costs and outcomes associated with guardian-supervised directly observed treatment relative to the standard of care Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course (DOTS) provided by community health workers (CHW). New cases of culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treated in Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, between January 2005 and December 2006 were interviewed and chose their preferred treatment strategy. Costs incurred by providers and patients (and patients' families) were estimated, and cost-effectiveness was assessed by comparing costs per successfully treated patient. 130 patients were included in the study; 84 chose CHW-supervised DOTS and 46 chose guardian-supervised DOTS. 45 of 46 (98%) patients treated with guardian-supervised DOTS were cured or completed treatment compared to 70/84 (83%) of the CHW-supervised patients (p = 0.01). Logistic regression showed only the strategy of supervision to be a significant association with treatment outcome, with guardian-supervised care strongly protective. Cost per patient treated with guardian-supervised DOTS was US$398, compared to US$548 for CHW-supervised DOTS. The guardian-supervised DOTS is an attractive option to complement CHW-supervised DOTS.